Gate Array

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Gate Array

Also designated as Video gate Array (VGA, not to be confused with IBM PC compatible graphic card spec).


Introduction

The Gate Array is a specially designed chip exclusively for use in the Amstrad CPC and was designed by Amstrad plc.

In the CPC+ system, the functions of the Gate Array are integrated into a single ASIC. When the ASIC is "locked", the extra features are not available and the ASIC operates the same as the Gate Array in the CPC allowing programs written for the CPC to work on the Plus without modification. The ASIC must be "un-locked" to access the new features.

In the KC Compact system, the functions of the Gate Array are "emulated" in TTL chips, CIO, and its color translation EPROM.

In the "cost-down" version of the CPC6128, the functions of the Gate Array are integrated into a ASIC.


What does it do?

The Gate Array is responsible for the display (colour palette, resolution, horizontal and vertical sync), interrupt generation and memory arrangement.


Interrupt management

Interrupts on the CPC are created by the Gate Array based on settings from the CRTC. The Gate Array has an internal counter R52 (the R is for Raster) that counts from 0 to 51, incrementing after each HSYNC signal.

R52 will return to 0 and the Gate Array will send an interrupt request on any of these conditions:

  • When it exceeds 51
  • By setting bit4 of the RMR register of the Gate Array to 1
  • At the end of the 2nd HSYNC after the start of the VSYNC

When the Gate Array sends an interrupt request:

  • If the interrupts were authorized at the time of the request, then bit5 of R52 is cleared (but R52 was reset to 0 anyway) and the interrupt takes place
  • If interrupts are not authorized, then the R52 counter continues to increment and the interrupt remains armed (the Gate Array then maintains its INT signal). When interrupts are enabled (using the EI instruction) and after the instruction that follows EI (so not immediately after EI), bit5 of R52 is cleared and the interrupt takes place

Note: On Amstrad Plus, the interrupt management system is seriously beefed up. See the ASIC wiki page.


CSYNC signal

On CPC, the HSYNC and VSYNC signals are received from the CRTC. These signals are then modified by the Gate Array as C-HSYNC and C-VSYNC and then merged into a single CSYNC signal that will be sent to the display.

When CRTC HSYNC is active, the Gate Array immediately outputs the palette colour black. If the HSYNC is set to 14 characters then black will be output for 14µs.

If a graphics mode change is pending, the HSYNC pulse width needs to be at least 2µs for Gate Array to change the graphics mode.

The HSYNC is modified before being sent to the monitor. It happens 2µs after activation of the CRTC HSYNC and stay a maximum of 4µs (signal is cut short if HSYNC width is greater than 6).

For example, if CRTC R2=46, and CRTC HSYNC width is 14 chars then monitor hsync starts at 48 and lasts only until 51 included.

The Gate Array will always perform a full VSYNC, outputting black for 26 lines (and including 4 lines of C-VSYNC to the monitor), even if the duration of the CRTC VSYNC is reduced to 2 µseconds.

The Gate Array uses 2 internal counters to create its CSYNC signal:

  • H06 counts the number of CRTC characters processed during an HSYNC. H06 is incremented by the Gate Array for each CRTC character when CRTC HSYNC is active. The Gate Array activates the C-HSYNC signal when H06 reaches 2, and changes its graphics mode if a change was pending. It deactivates this signal when H06 reaches 6.
  • V26 counts the number of HSYNCs occuring during a VSYNC. V26 is incremented by the Gate Array when the CRTC signals an end of HSYNC. The Gate Array activates the C-VSYNC signal when V26 reaches 2. It deactivates this signal when V26 reaches 6. After the 26th line has been processed, the Gate Array stops outputting the palette colour black.

The HSYNC signal from the CRTC is 0 when inactive and 1 when active. Same for VSYNC.

C-HSYNC and C-VSYNC are composited using the XNOR function. The resulting CSYNC signal produced by the Gate Array is 1 when inactive and 0 when active.

On a CPC monitor, the CSYNC is rendered in "absolute black". It is darker than the palette colour black output by the Gate Array. The electron beam is basically turned off. Turning up the brightness level won't make it any brighter.


Controlling the Gate Array

The gate array is controlled by I/O. The gate array is selected when bit 15 of the I/O port address is set to "0" and bit 14 of the I/O port address is set to "1". The values of the other bits are ignored. However, to avoid conflict with other devices in the system, these bits should be set to "1".

The recommended I/O port address is &7Fxx.

The function to be performed is selected by writing data to the Gate Array, the first bits of the data define the function selected (see table below). It is not possible to read from the Gate Array.

8bit command Machine Register Description Chip
7 6 5 4..0
0 0 x n All PENR Select a color register Gate Array
0 1 x n All INKR Change the value of the currently selected color register Gate Array
1 0 0 n All RMR Control Interrupt counter, ROM mapping and Graphics mode Gate Array
1 0 1 n All RMR Ghost register Gate Array (CPC) or locked ASIC (Plus)
1 0 1 n Plus RMR2 ASIC & Advanced ROM mapping Unlocked ASIC
1 1 n All MMR RAM memory mapping PAL

The MMR register is not available in the Gate Array, but is performed by a device at the same I/O port address location.

In the CPC464, CPC664 and KC compact, MMR is performed in an external memory expansion (e.g. Dk'Tronics 64K RAM Expansion), if this expansion is not present then MMR is not available.

In the CPC6128, MMR is performed by a PAL located on the main PCB, or an external memory expansion.

In the 464+ and 6128+, MMR is performed by the ASIC or an external memory expansion. Please read the document on RAM management for more information.


Registers

Note: The Plus palette capabilities are only accessible through the ASIC I/O page. Registers PENR and INKR are not needed in that case.

Register PENR (Select a color register)

When bit 7 and bit 6 are set to "0", the remaining bits determine which pen is to have its colour changed. When bit 4 is set to "0", bits 3 to 0 define which pen is to be selected. When bit 4 is set to "1", the value contained in bits 3-0 is ignored and the border is selected.

The pen remains selected until another is chosen.

Each mode has a fixed number of pens. Mode 0 has 16 pens, mode 1 has 4 pens and mode 2 has 2 pens.

Summary

Bit Value Function
7 0 Gate Array PENR register
6 0
5 - not used
4 1 Select border
3 x Ignored
2 x
1 x
0 x
Bit Value Function
7 0 Gate Array PENR register
6 0
5 - not used
4 0 Select pen
3 x Pen number
2 x
1 x
0 x


Register INKR (Change the value of the currently selected color register)

Once the pen has been selected its colour can then be changed. Bits 4 to 0 specify the hardware colour number from the hardware colour palette.

Even though there is provision for 32 colours, only 27 are possible. The remaining colours are duplicates of those already in the colour palette.

Summary

Bit Value Function
7 0 Gate Array INKR register
6 1
5 - not used
4 x Colour number x
3 x
2 x
1 x
0 x


Register RMR (Control Interrupt counter, ROM mapping and Graphics mode)

This is a general purpose register responsible for the graphics mode and the ROM configuration.

Graphics mode selection

The function of bits 1 and 0 is to define the screen mode. The settings for bits 1 and 0 and the corresponding screen mode are given in the table below.

Bit 1 Bit 0 Screen mode
0 0 Mode 0, 160x200 resolution, 16 colours
0 1 Mode 1, 320x200 resolution, 4 colours
1 0 Mode 2, 640x200 resolution, 2 colours
1 1 Mode 3, 160x200 resolution, 4 colours (undocumented)
  • Mode 3 is not official. From the combinations possible, we can see that 4 modes can be defined, although the Amstrad only has 3. Mode 3 is similar to mode 0, because it has the same resolution, but it is limited to only 4 colours. Mode 3 is not supported by the KC Compact (which outputs black in Mode 3).

Mode changing is synchronised with HSYNC. If the mode is changed, it will take effect from the next HSYNC.

ROM configuration selection

Bit 2 is used to enable or disable the lower ROM area. The lower ROM area occupies memory addresses &0000-&3fff and is used to access the operating system ROM. When the lower ROM area is is enabled, reading from &0000-&3FFF will return data in the ROM. When a value is written to &0000-&3FFF, it will be written to the RAM underneath the RAM. When it is disabled, data read from &0000-&3FFF will return the data in the RAM.

Similarly, bit 3 controls enabling or disabling of the upper ROM area. The upper ROM area occupies memory addressess &C000-&FFFF and is BASIC or any expansion ROMs which may be plugged into a ROM board/box. See the document on upper rom selection for more details. When the upper ROM area enabled, reading from &c000-&ffff, will return data in the ROM. When data is written to &c000-&FFFF, it will be written to the RAM at the same address as the ROM. When the upper ROM area is disabled, and data is read from &c000-&ffff it will be the data in the RAM.

Bit 4 controls the interrupt generation. It can be used to delay interrupts. See the document on interrupt generation for more information.

Summary

Bit Value Function
7 1 Gate Array RMR register
6 0
5 - must be 0 on Plus machines with ASIC unlocked
4 x Interrupt generation control
3 x 1=Upper ROM area disable, 0=Upper ROM area enable
2 x 1=Lower ROM area disable, 0=Lower ROM area enable
1 x Graphics Mode selection
0 x


Register RMR2 (ASIC & Advanced ROM mapping)

This register exists only in Plus or GX4000, and is only accessible when the ASIC is unlocked.

Bit Value Function
7 1 Gate Array RMR2 register
6 0
5 1
4 x Lower ROM address and ASIC I/O page mode
3 x
2 x Physical ROM number (0..7)
1 x
0 x

The lower ROM address and ASIC I/O page modes are: 

 -Mode-   ROM address    ASIC I/O Page
   00     &0000-&3FFF      Disabled
   01     &4000-&7FFF      Disabled
   10     &8000-&BFFF      Disabled
   11     &0000-&3FFF     &4000-&7fff

The physical ROMs are also accessible as upper ROMs by using the Upper ROM Bank Number port and the RMR register.


Register MMR (RAM memory mapping)

This register exists only in CPCs with 128K RAM (like the CPC 6128, or CPCs with Standard Memory Expansions). Note: In the CPC 6128, the register is a separate PAL chip that assists the Gate Array chip. See its wiki page.

Bit Value Function
7 1 Gate Array MMR register
6 1
5 x 64K bank number (0..7); always 0 on an unexpanded CPC6128, 0-7 on Standard Memory Expansions
4 x
3 x
2 x RAM Config (0..7)
1 x
0 x


The 3bit RAM Config value is used to access the second 64K of the total 128K RAM that is built into the CPC 6128 or the additional 64K-512K of standard memory expansions. These contain up to eight 64K ram banks, which are selected with bit 3-5. A standard CPC 6128 only contains bank 0. Normally the register is set to 0, so that only the first 64K RAM are used (identical to the CPC 464 and 664 models). The register can be used to select between the following eight predefined configurations only: 

 -Address-     0      1      2      3      4      5      6      7
 0000-3FFF   RAM_0  RAM_0  RAM_4  RAM_0  RAM_0  RAM_0  RAM_0  RAM_0
 4000-7FFF   RAM_1  RAM_1  RAM_5  RAM_3  RAM_4  RAM_5  RAM_6  RAM_7
 8000-BFFF   RAM_2  RAM_2  RAM_6  RAM_2  RAM_2  RAM_2  RAM_2  RAM_2
 C000-FFFF   RAM_3  RAM_7  RAM_7  RAM_7  RAM_3  RAM_3  RAM_3  RAM_3

The Video RAM is always located in the first 64K, VRAM is in no way affected by this register.


Programming the Gate Array - Examples

Defining the colours,
Setting pen 0 to Bright White. 

LD BC,7F00 ;Gate Array port
LD A,%00000000+0 ;Pen number (and Gate Array function)
OUT (C),A ;Send pen number
LD A,%01000000+11 ;Pen colour (and Gate Array function)
OUT (C),A ;Send it
RET

Setting the mode and ROM configuration, 
Mode 2, upper and lower ROM disabled.

LD BC,7F00 ;Gate array port
LD A,%10000000+%00001110 ;Mode and ROM selection (and Gate Array function)
OUT (C),A ;Send it
RET

Misc

The hardware colour number is different to the colour range used by the firmware, so a conversion chart is provided for the corresponding firmware/hardware colour values and the corresponding colour name.

Note

The firmware keeps track of the colours it is using. Every VSYNC (assuming interrupts are enabled) the firmware sets the colours. This enables the user to have flashing colours. If the user selects a new colour using the gate array, the new colour will flash temporarily and then return to its original colour. This is due to the firmware resetting the colour. When using the firmware, use its routines to select the colour, and the colour will remain.

Example: [For whatever reason, this example does NOT refer to the above firmware stuff] 

ld bc,7f00+1 ;Gate array function (set pen)
;and pen number
out (c),c
ld bc,7f00 ;41 
;Gate array function (set colour)
;and colour number
out (c),c
ret


Video memory structure

Graphics Mode VRAM byte Displayed Pixels Definition
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 A0 B0 A2 B2 A1 B1 A3 B3 A B 2 pixels in 16 colors
1 A0 B0 C0 D0 A1 B1 C1 D1 A B C D 4 pixels in 4 colours
2 A0 B0 C0 D0 E0 F0 G0 H0 A B C D E F G H 8 pixels in 2 colors
3 A0 B0 x x A1 B1 x x A B 2 pixels in 4 colors


Split rasters

On the CPC, split rasters occur halfway (after the 8th mode2 pixel) through the rendering of a CRTC character.

On Amstrad Plus, split rasters occur quarter of the way (after the 4th mode2 pixel) through the rendering of a CRTC character.

To easily make split rasters compatible with both the CPC and the Plus machines, one can use the ASIC soft-scroll control register (SSCR) to finely adjust the horizontal position of the graphics.


Palette R,G,B definitions

There are 27 colours which are generated from red, green and blue mixed in different quantities. There are 3 levels of red, 3 levels of green and 3 levels of blue, and these can be thought of as off/no colour, half-on/half-colour, and on/full-colour.

To display a CPC image you will need to use a analogue monitor with a composite sync.


Palette sorted by Hardware Colour Numbers

Hardware Number Firmware Number Colour Name R % G % B % ASIC Colour
0 (40h) 13 White 50 50 50 #666
1 (41h) (13) White 50 50 50 #666
2 (42h) 19 Sea Green 0 100 50 #0F6
3 (43h) 25 Pastel Yellow 100 100 50 #FF6
4 (44h) 1 Blue 0 0 50 #006
5 (45h) 7 Purple 100 0 50 #F06
6 (46h) 10 Cyan 0 50 50 #066
7 (47h) 16 Pink 100 50 50 #F66
8 (48h) (7) Purple 100 0 50 #F06
9 (49h) (25) Pastel Yellow 100 100 50 #FF6
10 (4Ah) 24 Bright Yellow 100 100 0 #FF0
11 (4Bh) 26 Bright White 100 100 100 #FFF
12 (4Ch) 6 Bright Red 100 0 0 #F00
13 (4Dh) 8 Bright Magenta 100 0 100 #F0F
14 (4Eh) 15 Orange 100 50 0 #F60
15 (4Fh) 17 Pastel Magenta 100 50 100 #F6F
16 (50h) (1) Blue 0 0 50 #006
17 (51h) (19) Sea Green 0 100 50 #0F6
18 (52h) 18 Bright Green 0 100 0 #0F0
19 (53h) 20 Bright Cyan 0 100 100 #0FF
20 (54h) 0 Black 0 0 0 #000
21 (55h) 2 Bright Blue 0 0 100 #00F
22 (56h) 9 Green 0 50 0 #060
23 (57h) 11 Sky Blue 0 50 100 #06F
24 (58h) 4 Magenta 50 0 50 #606
25 (59h) 22 Pastel Green 50 100 50 #6F6
26 (5Ah) 21 Lime 50 100 0 #6F0
27 (5Bh) 23 Pastel Cyan 50 100 100 #6FF
28 (5Ch) 3 Red 50 0 0 #600
29 (5Dh) 5 Mauve 50 0 100 #60F
30 (5Eh) 12 Yellow 50 50 0 #660
31 (5Fh) 14 Pastel Blue 50 50 100 #66F


Palette sorted by Firmware Colour Numbers

Firmware Number Hardware Number Colour Name R % G % B % ASIC Colour
0 54h Black 0 0 0 #000
1 44h (or 50h) Blue 0 0 50 #006
2 55h Bright Blue 0 0 100 #00F
3 5Ch Red 50 0 0 #600
4 58h Magenta 50 0 50 #606
5 5Dh Mauve 50 0 100 #60F
6 4Ch Bright Red 100 0 0 #F00
7 45h (or 48h) Purple 100 0 50 #F06
8 4Dh Bright Magenta 100 0 100 #F0F
9 56h Green 0 50 0 #060
10 46h Cyan 0 50 50 #066
11 57h Sky Blue 0 50 100 #06F
12 5Eh Yellow 50 50 0 #660
13 40h (or 41h) White 50 50 50 #666
14 5Fh Pastel Blue 50 50 100 #66F
15 4Eh Orange 100 50 0 #F60
16 47h Pink 100 50 50 #F66
17 4Fh Pastel Magenta 100 50 100 #F6F
18 52h Bright Green 0 100 0 #0F0
19 42h (or 51h) Sea Green 0 100 50 #0F6
20 53h Bright Cyan 0 100 100 #0FF
21 5Ah Lime 50 100 0 #6F0
22 59h Pastel Green 50 100 50 #6F6
23 5Bh Pastel Cyan 50 100 100 #6FF
24 4Ah Bright Yellow 100 100 0 #FF0
25 43h (or 49h) Pastel Yellow 100 100 50 #FF6
26 4Bh Bright White 100 100 100 #FFF


Intensities

The 0%, 50%, and 100% values in the above tables are "should-be" values. However, the real hardware doesn't exactly match that intensities. The actual intensities depend on the luminance mixing (R,G,B tied together via resistors), on chipset (classic CPC, or newer ASIC ones), and on the load applied by external hardware (Monitor, or TV set).

On the Plus, the Amstrad engineers converted the values of the R, G, and B subcomponents to the new 12-bit palette using this 4-bit scale:

  • 0% became #0
  • 50% became #6
  • 100% became #F


Green Screen Colours

On a green screen (where all colours are shades of unsaturated green), the colours (in BASIC colours), are in order of increasing intensity. Black is very dark, and white is bright green, and colour 13 is a medium green. (Thanks to Mark Rison for this information)

The luminance (Y) is not exactly correlated to the actual luminance of colour images broadcast in RGB. We have other values.

Amstrad preferred to propose a completely different image system, not comparable to a conversion to monochrome, which would have limited the number of brightness levels to 21 (for example, colours 9 and 6 would have had the same luminance).

They opted for a table of 27 linear brightness steps. They assigned values of 1 (1kΩ) for blue, 3 (3.3kΩ) for red, and 9 (10kΩ) for green.


To calculate the luminance value

Red

0% => do not add anything

50% => add 3

100% => add 6

Green

0% => do not add anything

50% => add 9

100% => add 18

Blue

0% => do not add anything

50% => add 1

100% => add 2


Pictures

  • 40010 GA Metal Layer

  • 40010 GA with Metal Layer removed

  • 40226 PreASIC Metal Layer


External links


See also

  • Video modes : for other informations on colours and pixels.
  • CRTC : the other video stuff.
  • ASIC : for Plus users
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