|
|
| Line 34: |
Line 34: |
| | * Better garbage collection | | * Better garbage collection |
| | * Some number-handling bugs removed (e.g. in FOR loops with negative start/end values) | | * Some number-handling bugs removed (e.g. in FOR loops with negative start/end values) |
| − | * FRAME (CALL &BD19) | + | * FRAME (CALL |
| − | * Extra, optional 'plotting mode' parameter for DRAW/PLOT commands (supported only through control codes on BASIC 1.0)
| + | |
| − | * GRAPHICS PAPER, GRAPHICS PEN commands
| + | |
| − | * ON BREAK CONT (disable ESCape)
| + | |
| − | * CLEAR INPUT (flush keyboard buffer)
| + | |
| − | * The AUTO command show the whole line if it exist, it only printed a * on the 464
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Some parts of 'BASIC' were actually housed in the firmware ROM, but were not officially accessible to other programs. This included the line editor.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | The 'pure BASIC' parts of Locomotive BASIC - i.e. those not concerned with CPC-specific firmware and hardware features - were upgraded to become Mallard BASIC, the CP/M language shipped with the [[PCW]]. This also featured exceptionally advanced random-access file handling, a feature missing from the CPC.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Command list ==
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | === Commands and operators ===
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== AFTER I[,t] GOSUB Ln ====
| + | |
| − | : Waits for i/50 seconds and then jumps to the subruotine at line Ln.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== AUTO [Ln, i] ====
| + | |
| − | : Automaticaly generates line numbers starting at line Ln with increment i between line numbers.
| + | |
| − | : Use [ESC to leave AUTO mode. Default value for Ln and i is 10.
| + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | AUTO 100,5 - generates line numbers 100, 105, 110...
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== BORDER color ====
| + | |
| − | : Changes the color of the border.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CALL add[,list of parameters] ====
| + | |
| − | : Allows an externally developed subroutine to be called by BASIC
| + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | CALL 0 - resets the computer completely
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CAT ====
| + | |
| − | : Displays the names of all existing programes on the tape or disk.
| + | |
| − | : Examples:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | CAT [ENTER] - lists all disk files in alpha-numeric order
| + | |
| − | TAPE [ENTER]
| + | |
| − | CAT [ENTER] - lists names of all tape files in their storage order
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CHAIN "filename"[,ln]====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | :Enables the specified program to be loaded and RUN automatically. If the optional parameters ln is specified, the program execution will commence from line ln.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CHAIN MERGE "filename"[,ln][,DELETE1 nl - 1n2]====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | :Loads the specified program from tape or disk, merges it into the program in memory, and starts execution of the merged program. The parameter DELETE1n1 - 1n2 is used to delete part of the original program before running it, if required.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CLEAR ====
| + | |
| − | : Clears all variables from memory, leaving the program in memory unchanged. All open files are abandoned.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CLG [ink] ====
| + | |
| − | : Clears the graphics screen to colour specified by ink. If parameter ink is not specified them the graphics screen is cleared to the colour specified by the GRAPHICS PAPER statement.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CLOSEIN ====
| + | |
| − | : Closes any input file (tape or disk).
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CLOSEOUT ====
| + | |
| − | : Closes any output file (tape or disk).
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CLS ====
| + | |
| − | : Clears the screen. The text cursor is moved to the upper left corner.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CONT ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : CONTinues program execution interrupted either by [ESC] [ESC] or as a result of STOP within a program.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CURSOR ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DATA x1[,x2,x3...]====
| + | |
| − | : Defines a data ''section'' to be used by <tt>READ</tt> calls.
| + | |
| − | : Data values can be of any type (integer, real or string) as long as the corresponding <tt>READ</tt> calls use a variable of the right type.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | :Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 DATA "Hello, world!", 42
| + | |
| − | 20 READ message$:PRINT message$
| + | |
| − | 30 READ answer:PRINT "The answer is:";answer
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | :''See also:'' <tt>READ</tt>, <tt>RESTORE</tt>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DEF ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DEFINT letter range====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Forces all variables(s) starting with the specified letter(s) to be string variables. The s does not need to be added to DEFSTR variable names.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 DEFSTR N - sets all variables starting with letter N as strings.
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DEFREAL ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DEFSTR ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Sets the default for variable(s) with the specified first letter(s) to integer. The letter range could be an inclusive range A-Z
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 DEFINT F,S ..... (or 10 DEFINT A-Z)
| + | |
| − | 20 FIRST=111.11:SECOND=22.2
| + | |
| − | 30 PRINT FIRST,SECOND - prints 111 22
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DEG ====
| + | |
| − | : Switch to degrees mode for trigonometric functions (<tt>SIN</tt>, <tt>COS</tt>...).
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ''See also:'' <tt>RAD</tt>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DELETE [line] ====
| + | |
| − | : Deletes the current program completely (without argument) or only the given line.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DI ====
| + | |
| − | : Disables interrupts (but not[ESC]) until re-enabled by EI command or by RETURN at end of an interrupts service routine.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DIM v[$](i1[,i2]) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Specifies storage space to be allocated for list or table v[$]. i1 is number of rows, i2 is number of columns. If a list or a table is not specified by DIM, i1 and i2 default to 10.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DRAW x,y [,[i1][,i2]] ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Draws a line from the current cursor position to position x,y. i1 specifies colour, i2 is the logical colour.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | i2 = 0 normal colour i2 = 2 AND colour
| + | |
| − | i2 = 1 XOR colour i2 = 3 OR colour
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | CLG 2
| + | |
| − | DRAW 500,400,0 - draws a line from 0,0 to 500,400
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DRAWR xr, yr, [[i1][,i2]] ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Draws a line from current graphics cursor position to current cursor x position + xr, current cursor y position + yr. i1 and i2 as DRAW.
| + | |
| − | :Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | Move 200,200
| + | |
| − | DRAWR 100,100,0 - draws a line from 200,200 to 300,300
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== EDIT line ====
| + | |
| − | : Copies one program line to screen in edition mode.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== EI ====
| + | |
| − | : Enable interrupts which have been disabled by DI
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== END ====
| + | |
| − | : Indicates end of program
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ENT ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ENV ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ERASE v[$(i1[,i2]) ====
| + | |
| − | : Clears the contents of an array that is no longer required.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ERL ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the line number of the last error encountered.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ERROR i ====
| + | |
| − | : Returns the error message whose error code number is i.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== EVERY i[,t] GOSUB ln ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : BASIC branches to the subroutine at line ln every i/50 seconds.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== FILL i ====
| + | |
| − | : Fills an area of a graphics screen i colour i (0-15). Default value of i is the current graphics pen colour. Only available in Basic 1.1.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== FN ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== FOR TO STEP NEXT ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== FRAME ====
| + | |
| − | : Smooths character and graphics movement and reduces flicker (waits for a VSYNC signal). Only available in Basic 1.1. On a CPC 464 you can use CALL &BD19 instead.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== GOSUB i ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Jumps to subroutine which is given as argument.
| + | |
| − | : ''Example:''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 PRINT "Calling subroutine"
| + | |
| − | 20 GOSUB 100
| + | |
| − | 30 PRINT "Back from subroutine"
| + | |
| − | 40 END
| + | |
| − | 100 REM Begin of the subroutine
| + | |
| − | 110 PRINT "Subroutine started"
| + | |
| − | 120 RETURN
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== GOTO i ====
| + | |
| − | : Jumps to the line number which is given as argument.
| + | |
| − | : ''Example:''
| + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 GOTO 100
| + | |
| − | 20 REM not executed
| + | |
| − | 30 REM not executed
| + | |
| − | 100 PRINT "Hello World!"
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== GRAPHICS ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== IF THEN ELSE ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== INK ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== INPUT ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== KEY ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== LET ====
| + | |
| − | : Used to define variables. You don't need to use the ''LET'' command because it is just a command which was added for compatibility reasons.
| + | |
| − | : ''Example:''
| + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 LET a$ = "hello world"
| + | |
| − | 20 PRINT a$
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== LINE ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== LIST ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== LOAD ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== LOCATE x,y ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Moves the text cursor to the x,y location.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : x starts at 1 on the left and goes up to 20 (in mode 0), 40 (in mode 1) or 80 (in mode 2).
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : y starts at 1 at the top and ends at 25 at the bottom.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== MASK [i1][,i2]====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Sets bits in each adjacent group of 8 pixel on (1) or off (0) according to binary value of i1 (0-255). i2 determines whether the first point of the line is to plotted (1) or not (0).
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | :Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 CLG 2:MASK 1:MOVE 0,0:DRAW 500,400
| + | |
| − | 20 MASK 15:MOVE 0,0:DRAW 500,400
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== MEMORY add====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Allocates the amount of memory to be used by BASIC by setting the address of the highest byte it may use.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== MERGE ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== MID$ ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== MODE ====
| + | |
| − | : Changes the screen mode: MODE 0 is 160x200 in 16 colors, MODE 1 is 320x200 4 colors and MODE 2 is 640x200 2 colors.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== MOVE x,y [[,i1][,i2]]====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Moves the graphic cursor to position x,y. The parameter i1 may be used to change the pen (drawing) colour. The parameter i2 specifies the logical colour, as in DRAW.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== MOVER ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== NEW ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ON BREAK CONT ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Prevents the interruption of program execution by the ESC key.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ON BREAK GOSUB ln ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Passes control to subroutine at line ln when ESC ESC pressed.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ON BREAK STOP ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Restores normal function of ESC key during program execution.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ON ERROR GOTO ln ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Passes the control to line ln if an error is detected in the program.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : ON ERROR GOTO 0, Turns of the error trap, and restores normal error processing.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== OPENIN "datafile" ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Opens the specified data file for reading.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== OPENOUT "datafile" ====
| + | |
| − | : Opens the specified data file for writing.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ORIGIN ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== OUT add,i ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Outputs the value of i (0-255) to the I/O address add.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== PAPER ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== PEN ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== PLOT ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== PLOTR ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== POKE add ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Alters contents of memory location add to value i (0-255)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== PRINT ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== RAD ====
| + | |
| − | : Switch to radians mode for trigonometric functions (<tt>SIN</tt>, <tt>COS</tt>...).
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : ''See also:'' <tt>DEG</tt>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== RANDOMIZE [seed] ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Resets the pseudo-random generator to the given seed. What is strange is that if no seed is given, one is interactively prompted for.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : A common idiom to have a ''random'' random seed is to do:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | RANDOMIZE TIME
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== READ variable ====
| + | |
| − | : Gets the next data item (from <tt>DATA</tt> commands), stores it in the given variable and moves to the next item.
| + | |
| − | The variable must be of the correct type.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ''See also:'' <tt>DATA</tt>, <tt>RESTORE</tt>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== RELEASE ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== REM [any text]====
| + | |
| − | : Introduces a comment.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== RENUM [newLine],[oldLine],[step] ====
| + | |
| − | : Renumbers the lines of the current program.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : By default, the whole program is renumbered starting at line 10 with multiples of ten. It is important to note that ''jumps'' (<tt>GOTO</tt>, <tt>GOSUB</tt> and the like) are automatically converted to the new line numbers.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : The whole set of parameters can be used to renumber only the last part of a program.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 GOTO 20
| + | |
| − | 20 GOTO 30
| + | |
| − | 30 GOTO 10
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : becomes, after calling <tt>RENUM 100,20,5</tt>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 GOTO 100
| + | |
| − | 100 GOTO 105
| + | |
| − | 105 GOTO 10
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== RESTORE [line] ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Resets the data pointer used by <tt>READ</tt>. When used without parameters, resets the pointer to the first data in the program. Otherwise, resets the pointer to the given line number.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 DATA 10,11,12,13,14
| + | |
| − | 20 DATA 20
| + | |
| − | READ i:PRINT i
| + | |
| − | 10
| + | |
| − | Ready
| + | |
| − | READ i:PRINT i
| + | |
| − | 11
| + | |
| − | Ready
| + | |
| − | RESTORE
| + | |
| − | Ready
| + | |
| − | READ i:PRINT i
| + | |
| − | 10
| + | |
| − | Ready
| + | |
| − | RESTORE 20
| + | |
| − | Ready
| + | |
| − | READ i:PRINT i
| + | |
| − | 20
| + | |
| − | Ready
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : ''See also:'' <tt>DATA</tt>, <tt>READ</tt>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== RESUME ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== RETURN ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Terminates a subroutine and returns control to the line following the GOSUB call (see GOSUB)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== RUN [line] ====
| + | |
| − | : Runs the current program, optionally starting at a given line. If no line number is given, starts at the first line.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SAVE ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SOUND ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SPC ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SPEED ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SQ (channel) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns a bit significant integer showing state of the sound queue for specified channel where channel 1,2,3, = A, B, C
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | :Bits 0,1 and 2 Number of free entries in the queue
| + | |
| − | :Bits 3,4 and 5 Redezvous state at head of the queue
| + | |
| − | :Bit 6 Head of the queue is held
| + | |
| − | :Bit 7 Channel is currently active
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== STOP ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Breaks program execution at line containing the STOP statement. The message '''BREAK in''' is output with the line number.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SUB ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SWAP ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SYMBOL n,i1[,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6,i7,i8] ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Redefines the appearance of the character at index n.
| + | |
| − | : Each of the following eight integers defines the contents of one pixel row, starting at the top of the character.
| + | |
| − | : Each character fits in an 8x8 pixel grid.
| + | |
| − | : Missing lines are considered as empty.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | SYMBOL 255,255,129,129,129,129,129,129,255
| + | |
| − | PRINT CHR$(255)
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Defines character 255 to look like an empty square and prints it.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Initially, only characters with indices ranging from 240 to 255 can be redefined.
| + | |
| − | : See also <tt>SYMBOL AFTER</tt> to allow redefinition of arbitrary characters.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SYMBOL AFTER n ====
| + | |
| − | : Allows the redefinition of character symbols from index n included.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Symbol redefinitions are made using the SYMBOL command above.
| + | |
| − | : Initially, only symbols from index 240 to 255 can be redefined. This initial situation can be restored with <tt>SYMBOL AFTER 240</tt>. Symbol previously redefined are restored to their original appearance.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== TAB ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== TAG [#st] ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Allows text to print at graphics cursor position.
| + | |
| − | : see TAGOFF
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== TAGOFF [#st] ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Directs text to stream st printing it at previous text cursor position.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== TROFF ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Turns off the program flow trace (see TRON)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== TRON ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Turns on the program flow trace for debugging. Causes the line number of each statement executed to be displayed.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== USING ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== WAIT add, i1[,i2] ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Waits until the I/O port at add returns a value (0-255). The value returned is XORed with i2 and the ANDed with i1. This is repeated until a non-zero result occurs.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== WHILE WEND ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== WIDTH ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== WINDOW ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== WRITE [#st,] v[$], v[$] ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Writes the values of the specified variable to the specified stream.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | 10 OPENOUT "DUMMY"
| + | |
| − | 20 INPUT A$,A
| + | |
| − | 30 WRITE #9,A$,A
| + | |
| − | 40 CLOSEOUT
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ZONE i====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Changes the width of the print zone. Default is 13.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | === Operators ===
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== AND ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== MOD ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== NOT ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== OR ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== XOR ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | === Functions ===
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ABS (n) ====
| + | |
| − | : Returns the absolute value of n by ignoring the sign value.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT ABS(-3.5) - prints 3.5
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ASC (s) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns ASCII code number of first character of string s
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ATN (n) ====
| + | |
| − | : Returns the arctangent of n.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== BIN$ (i1,[i2]) ====
| + | |
| − | : Returns binary representation of i1 between -32768 and 65535. The number of binary digits (0s and 1s) is specified by i2 (0-16)
| + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT BIN$(66,8) - prints 01000010
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CHR$ (n)====
| + | |
| − | : Returns the character for a given index n. For instance CHR$(65) returns the character 'A'. Valid indices range from 0 (zero) to 255.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : As an example, try the following basic program :
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>10 print chr$(208+rnd(2));:goto 10</pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : It will draw a random maze with characters 208 and 209, which are an horizontal and a vertical bar.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CINT (n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns rounded up integer value of n between -32768 and 32767.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT CINT(3.8) - print 4
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== COPYCHR$ (st) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Copies character from current position in specified stream.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== COS (n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns cosine of n in degrees or radians (se DEG and RAD)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== CREAL (n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Converts integer n to real numeric variable.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DEC$(n, format) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Retruns the decimal string representation of n, according to the specified format (see PRINT USING)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== DERR ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Gives the most recent error code number returned by [[Amsdos]].
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== EOF ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Checks to see if end of specified file has been reached during input. Returns 0 (false) until the end of file, then -1 (true)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ERR ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the error code number of the last error encountered.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== EXP (i) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the result of calculating e to the power i.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT EXP(1) - prints 2.71828183
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== FIX (n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Removes the fractional part of n (see INT)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== FRE (n/se) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the amount of unused memory, irrespective of the nature or value of the dummy argument inside the bracket.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Examples:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT FRE(o) or PRINT FRE("hello")
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== HEX$ (i1, i2) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns a string hexadecimal digit representation of i1 (0-65535). The number of hex digits in the string is given by i2 (0-15)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== HIMEM ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns address of the highest memory address used by BASIC.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== INKEY (i) ====
| + | |
| − | : Checks to see if key number i is being pressed.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | Value returned [SHIFT] [CTRL] Specified key
| + | |
| − | -1 ignored ignored up
| + | |
| − | 0 up up down
| + | |
| − | 32 down up down
| + | |
| − | 128 up down down
| + | |
| − | 160 down down down
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== INKEY$ ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Checkts the keyboard and returns the string character of the key pressed. The string character returned is normally assigned to a string variable. If no key pressed, a null string is returned.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== INP (add) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns value read from the I/O address add
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== INSTR ====
| + | |
| − | : [...]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== INT (n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : As in FIX if n is positive; if n is negative, it rounds it down.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT INT(3.99), INT(-3.99) - prints 3 -4
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== JOY (i) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns bit-significant value from specified joystick. i = 0 or 1.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | Bit Value returned
| + | |
| − | 0(up) 1
| + | |
| − | 1(down) 2
| + | |
| − | 2(left) 4
| + | |
| − | 3(right) 8
| + | |
| − | 4(fire 2) 16
| + | |
| − | 5(fire 1) 32
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== LEFT$ (se, i) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns a substring of se. The substring begins at the left-most character of se and contains i characters.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | A$="ABCDEFG":PRINT LEFT$(A$,3) - prints ABC
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== LEN (se) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the number of characters in se (0 - 255)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== LOG (n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the natural logarithm (to base e) of n.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== LOG10 (n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the logarithm to base 10 of n.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== LOWER$ (se) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns a copy of se in which all alphabetical characters are converted to lower case (see also UPPER)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT LOWER$("A1B2c3") - print a1b2c3
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== MAX (list of n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the maximum value from the given list.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT MAX(3,8,25,1,2,9) - prints 25
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== MIN (list of n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the minimum value from the given list (see MAX)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== PEEK (add) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the contents of the specified memory location (0-65535)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== PI ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns value of PI (3.14159265)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== POS (#st) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns column number of print position relative to left edge of text window on stream st. st must be specified.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT POS(#0) - prints 1
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== REMAIN (i) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns count remaining in delay timer i (0-3) then disables it.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== RIGHT$ (se,i) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns a substring of length i (0-255) characters from se, ending at the rightmost character of se.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT RIGHT$("ABCDEFG",3) - prints EFG
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== RND [(n)] ====
| + | |
| − | : Generates the next random number in the current squence if n is positive or omitted. If n = 0, the random number generated will be the same as the last random number generated.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== ROUND (n[,i1]) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Rounds n to a number of decimal places or to the power of ten specified by i. If i is negative, the n is rounded to give an absolute integer with i zeros before the decimal point.
| + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT ROUND(1562.357,2):PRINT ROUND(1562.375,-2) - prints 1562.36 1600
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SGN (n) ====
| + | |
| − | : Returns 1 if n is positive, 0 if n = 0, -1 if n is negative.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SIN (n) ====
| + | |
| − | : Returns sine of n in degree or radian mode (see DEG and RAD)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SPACE$(i) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Creates a string containing i spaces (0-255)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SQ (channel) ====
| + | |
| − | : Returns a bit significant integer showing state of the sound queue for specified channel where channel 1, 2, 3 = A, B, C.
| + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | Bits 0,1 and 2 number of free entries in the queue
| + | |
| − | Bits 3,4 and 5 redezvous state at head of the queue
| + | |
| − | Bit 6 head of the queue is held
| + | |
| − | Bit 7 channel is currently active
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== SQR (n) ====
| + | |
| − | : Returns the square root of n.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== STR$(n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the string representation of number n.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== STRING$ ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns i copies of the string character specified by s.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT STRING$(3,"*") - prints ***
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== TAN (n) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the tangent of n. The DEG and RAD commands can be used to force the result to either mode.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== TEST (x,y) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Moves the graphics cursor by x and y and returns the value of the ink at that position.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== TESTR (x,y) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Moves the graphics cursor by x and y relative to its current position and returns the value of ink at that position.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== TIME ====
| + | |
| − | : Returns time elapsed since the computer was switched on or reset.
| + | |
| − | : One second = TIME/300.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== UNT (add) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns an integer(-32768 to 32767) which is the two's complement of add.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT UNT(&FF66) - prints -154
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== UPPER$(se) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Gives copy of se with all alphabetic characters in upper case.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== VAL(se) ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the numeric value (including signs) of first numeric character(s) in se. Returns 0 if se starts with a non-number.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Example:
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <pre>
| + | |
| − | PRINT VAL("-12.34x", VAL("A-12") - prints -12.34 0
| + | |
| − | </pre>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== VPOS (#st) ====
| + | |
| − | : Reports the current row (line) position of the text cursor relative to the top of the text windows of the specified stream.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== XPOS ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the current horizontal (x) position of the graphics cursor.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==== YPOS ====
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | : Returns the current vertical (y) position of the graphics cursor.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ''(Please, fill in. Looks like a lot of work ;-) ...)''
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Error codes ==
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | * 1 '''Unexpected NEXT''' - Occurs when the FOR of a FOR .. NEXT loop is missing.
| + | |
| − | * 2 '''Syntax Error''' - Typing error or incorrect punctuation.
| + | |
| − | * 3 '''Unexpected RETURN''' - Caused by entering a subroutine other than with GOSUB.
| + | |
| − | * 4 '''DATA exhaused''' - Trying to READ data when data pointer has reached end of data.
| + | |
| − | * 5 '''Improper argument''' - The argument for a function is not legal (eg. PRINT SQR(--10)).
| + | |
| − | * 6 '''Overflow''' - The computer cannot handle a number greater than 1.7E38.
| + | |
| − | * 7 '''Memory full''' - All available RAM is being used or has been reserved. Program to big or control structures too deeply nested.
| + | |
| − | * 8 '''Line does not exist''' - Attempt to RUN, GOTO or GOSUB a non-existent line number.
| + | |
| − | * 9 '''Subsript out of range''' - Value of a subscript in an array is greater than DIM declaration.
| + | |
| − | * 10 '''Array already dimensioned''' - Arrays can only be DIMensioned once within a program.
| + | |
| − | * 11 '''Division by zero''' - Trying to divide a number by zero.
| + | |
| − | * 12 '''InvalidDirect command''' - Using a statement as a direct command it is not allowd outside a program.
| + | |
| − | * 13 '''Type mismatch''' - Trying to assign string data to a numeric variable or vice versa.
| + | |
| − | * 14 '''String space full''' - String memory area is full.
| + | |
| − | * 15 '''String to long''' - String may not exceed 256 characters.
| + | |
| − | * 16 '''String expression too complex''' - A string expression need to be broken down into smaller expressions.
| + | |
| − | * 17 '''CannotCONTinue''' - CONT can only be used if program was stopped by [ESC] or a STOP in program - not after END.
| + | |
| − | * 18 '''Unknown user function''' - A DEF FN must be executed before calling an FN function.
| + | |
| − | * 19 '''RESUMEmissing:''' - End of program has been reached while in error processing mode. Use ON ERROR before RESUME.
| + | |
| − | * 20 '''UnexpectedRESUME''' - RESUME is only used in error processing mode, ON ERROR GOTO statement must be used first.
| + | |
| − | * 21 '''Direct Command found''' - A line without a line number has found while loading a file.
| + | |
| − | * 22 '''Oprand missing''' - An incomplete expression has been found.
| + | |
| − | * 23 '''Line too long''' - The line contains to many statements.
| + | |
| − | * 24 '''EOF met''' - Trying to input data beyond end of data file.
| + | |
| − | * 25 '''FILE type error''' - Using a program file instead of a data file to read or write (or vice versa).
| + | |
| − | * 26 '''NEXT missing''' - The NEXT of a FOR ... NEXT loop is missing.
| + | |
| − | * 27 '''File already open''' - Trying to open an open file. Use CLOSEIN or CLOSEOUT first.
| + | |
| − | * 28 '''Unknown command''' - Given when an unknown command follows a masterspace.
| + | |
| − | * 29 '''WEND missing''' - The WEND part of the WHILE ... WEND loop is missing.
| + | |
| − | * 30 '''UnexpectedWEND''' - WEND encountered without a corresponding active WHILE.
| + | |
| − | * 31 '''File not open''' - Attempting to read from or write to a file without OPENing it first.
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Other Basic Dialects avaliable for the CPC ==
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| − | *[[BBC Basic]]
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| − | *[[C BASIC Compiler|C BASIC]]
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| − | *[[E-BASIC]]
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| − | == Web links ==
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| − | * [http://www.kjthacker.f2s.com/docs/bastech.html Technical information at the Unofficial Amstrad WWW Resource]
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| − | * [http://www.sean.co.uk/books/amstrad/bforbasic.shtm Locomotive Basic Tutorial by Sean McManus]
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| − | [[Category:Programming]]
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