Video modes

Contains stuff from Wikipedia.

The standard video modes or Screen Modes.

As a Colour Personal Computer, perhaps the Amstrad CPC best argument (beside being cheap, fully equipped and well rounded) was it's video capability. Yet this was also more demanding for the Z80 to handle compared to other lighter players such as ZX Spectrum.

Also Amstrad's Video RAM was shared with the Z80 RAM. This and a cheap concept with fewer custom chips to ease the CPU could turn it into a sluggish snail if badly programmed.

Yet colourful games with few scrolling requirements, reflection games such as KLAX... were perhaps the easiest medium for a CPC to shine above other 8 bit computers.

Too bad too few graphically-heavy Role-Playing Games were produced.

Specifications

These are :

• Mode 0: 160×200 pixels with 16 colors (4 bpp)
• Mode 1: 320×200 pixels with 4 colors (2 bpp)
• Mode 2: 640×200 pixels with 2 colors (1 bpp)
• Mode 3: 160×200 pixels with 4 colors (2bpp) (this is not an official mode, but rather a side-effect of the hardware)

The Video modes are known to display pixels with different sizes.

Basically, the Amstrad CPC Video works like a CGA video card from a PC. But extra features like a 16 colours mode exist.

The dimensions in pixels given could be raised with clever use of FullScreen Trick (often dubbed erronuously as "overscan mode".)

This then allows with a video memory of 24 KB (approximately) to displays on the standard screen up to :

• Full screen Mode 0: 192×272 pixels with 16 colors (4 bpp)
• Full screen Mode 1: 384×272 pixels with 4 colors (2 bpp)
• Full screen Mode 2: 768×272 pixels with 2 colors (1 bpp)

Also the use of scanlines to increase vertical resolution is not "easly" possible on Amstrad CPC.

When dealing with Full screen on real Hardware, the vertical limit of 256 pixels is the "safely displayed zone". As the actually displayed zone may vary depending the time your monitor ran (warmed ?) or from individual hardware to another. The same goes for horizontal diplay as we deal with old electronic.

Colour attributes

The Amstrad CPC is perhaps the only cheap personal computer of this generation with absolutely no such thing as (character) colour attributes.

Speccy was awful for this, and even better computers had modes with it.

Yet the use of "Raster colour changes" can actually produce horizontal colour clashes if an animated object is to cross the 2 zones and the colours choosen badly/on purpose (or in 2 coloured mode2).

Such effect can almost be seen in the game Striker in the Crypts of Trogan when monsters cross the "rasterzones"...

Later Thomson 8 bit computers (MO6 and TO8) used to have the same Video Modes and Palette as the Amstrad Plus and an additional Mode (320x200 and 16 colors with attribute limitation of 4096 colours palette)

C64 and MSX also had Colour attributes, yet also some modes without or with less limitations than Speccy, and later models (C128, MSX2+ and 3) were also designed with even better extra non-attributed modes.

As a result, an Amstrad never sees any faulty colour clashes... despite the numerous speccy ports, because it cannot unless voluntarily programmed.... This saved many speccy ports indeed.

Is this better ? Well colours attribute system allow a good resolution with more than 4 colours displayed on screen with little effort.

So this would be interesting to display...colourful texts.

Yet fine graphics with a really colourful feeling become harder to get, so are nice metallic or graphical effect letter fonts with 4 colors...

Colours and Palettes

3-level RGB of the CPC

The Amstrad CPC (old) palette features 27 colours, despite the fact that the Video system (Gate Array and CRTC) could actually handle 32 colours.

This is a 3-level RGB custom palette.

It is Cubic, generated by "Trigits" (ternary digits)

• This palette is used by the Amstrad CPC old series only and is almost not found in any other computers (but clones of course).

• The Toshiba PASOPIA 7 is known to feature the same 3-level RGB palette as the Amstrad CPC, its video modes are different than Amstrad CPC's ones though.

The 3-level (not bits) RGB uses three level for every red, green and blue color components, resulting in a 3³ = 27 colours palette.

A notable specification of the Amstrad CPC palette is that it offers only one "Grey".

Compared to the C64 with...er...only greys..? well, almost 4 greys... (Humor inside)

This explains why in some games rocks and stone are coloured in other shades to get a good colour layer with more than 3 shades (black, grey and white).

• Examples : Defender of the Crown with Purple rocks and stone walls... Also Barbarian.

It is also notable that this palette has a "lot" of Blue and Green variations... It is possible to use a mode 0 screen with almost only 16 pseudo Green and Blue colours (yet a bit purple for some of them).

Many graphic programmers used mostly coloured flashy bold colours as it was often reproached by other 8bit fans (C64...).

But a clever choice in said colours could also give good results too in Pastel shades.

Yet Amstrad CPC had clearly a better palette (in number) than Speccy, C64, or almost all post-1985 8 bit computers.

It is somewhat a bit of a shame that some of its colours are quasi-identical...

This is a palette that was often badly used because of the crossdevelopment in games industry.

A lot of Graphics ported from C64 or Atari ST can't be ported without a heavy job on the ink-colours selection or even a complete re-work of the pixelisation or composition.

• To set a CPC palette on modern Graphic softwares.

Firmware Number	Hardware Number	Colour Name	R %	G %	B %	Hexadecimal	RGB values	Colour
0	54h	Black	0	0	0	#000000	0/0/0
1	44h (or 50h)	Blue	0	0	50	#000080	0/0/128
2	55h	Bright Blue	0	0	100	#0000FF	0/0/255
3	5Ch	Red	50	0	0	#800000	128/0/0
4	58h	Magenta	50	0	50	#800080	128/0/128
5	5Dh	Mauve	50	0	100	#8000FF	128/0/255
6	4Ch	Bright Red	100	0	0	#FF0000	255/0/0
7	45h (or 48h)	Purple	100	0	50	#ff0080	255/0/128
8	4Dh	Bright Magenta	100	0	100	#FF00FF	255/0/255
9	56h	Green	0	50	0	#008000	0/128/0
10	46h	Cyan	0	50	50	#008080	0/128/128
11	57h	Sky Blue	0	50	100	#0080FF	0/128/255
12	5Eh	Yellow	50	50	0	#808000	128/128/0
13	40h (or 41h)	White	50	50	50	#808080	128/128/128
14	5Fh	Pastel Blue	50	50	100	#8080FF	128/128/255
15	4Eh	Orange	100	50	0	#FF8000	255/128/0
16	47h	Pink	100	50	50	#FF8080	255/128/128
17	4Fh	Pastel Magenta	100	50	100	#FF80FF	255/128/255
18	52h	Bright Green	0	100	0	#00FF00	0/255/0
19	42h (or 51h)	Sea Green	0	100	50	#00FF80	0/255/128
20	53h	Bright Cyan	0	100	100	#00FFFF	0/255/255
21	5Ah	Lime	50	100	0	#80FF00	128/255/0
22	59h	Pastel Green	50	100	50	#80FF80	128/255/128
23	5Bh	Pastel Cyan	50	100	100	#80FFFF	128/255/255
24	4Ah	Bright Yellow	100	100	0	#FFFF00	255/255/0
25	43h (or 49h)	Pastel Yellow	100	100	50	#FFFF80	255/255/128
26	4Bh	Bright White	100	100	100	#FFFFFF	255/255/255

• Note : Actually both RGB's 127 (#7F) or 128 (#80) values can be used to generate the CPC palette's half tones on a true colour modern computer.

Why ?

Because you simply can't divide 255 by two (50%) to get 127,5... the theoric CPC's half tone. So you have to round it, wether be it superior or inferior value.

By the Way good old 80's electronic device such as Amstrad CPC wasn't that precisely set... if you measure the actual value, you may get far different result from individual machine to other.

The Amstrad PLUS range is also unable to accurately emulate the half value...

Being 12bit palette with 4 bits per R/G/B... this give you a scale from 0 to 15.

And 15 cannot also be divided by 2 unless rounded.

That's the Specificity of Amstrad CPC's Ternary digital system... Binary digit cannot produce this... but 1/255th is certainly close enough to get the eye to not notice.

As a result, an EGA Card (64 colour palette) cannot emulate the CPC palette because it clearly lack decent Half values... it is more like 0, 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 (0%, 33%, 66% and 100%...)

• Also the official names of the colours may not be that accurate...

"Purple" is more like some kind of Magenta while "Magenta" is more like some sort of Mauve and Mauve a Purple... and so on.

"White" is actually grey while "bright white" is white...

Cyan is quite mixable with blues, and lighter Cyan are also lighter blues.

Anyway, the CPC palette actually covers a complete RGB cube... Yet in a simplified way. Per exemple an unsatured "Brown" would be a cross between Orange and Black/grey/white... Yet the CPC has only one flashy medium Orange.

• while the CPC palette actually have perhaps 5 shades of green, a "good" Green gradiant from black to white can't use that many colours... Because 4 "green" shades are too close.

Yet this can be used for a more subtle approach, and yellows actually mix well with some "Greens"

• CPC palette and ditherings

Courtesy of MacDeath.

It is to notice that if the Amstrad CPC could have a 320x200x16 mode... the dithering possibilities would have been quite awesome, and the palette would be more than well exploitable on the best 8bit Graphic machine...

As shown... the CPC original palette is good as it enable gradiants in Black and White + 3 shades for the 6 basic colours...

Red, Green, Blue... and Yellow, Cyan and Magenta (purple).

Added to those, there are a few special crossbreed colours such as "Mauve" (2 shades : Mauve and Pastel blue), orange (can mix with red and yellows), "Purple" (a bluer Red) and a lot of "light greeens" (turning into Cyan or yellow).

Yet those are saturated colours, not fit for Greys or Brown spectrums as the C64 palette was. still great for comics styled graphics.

• the cubic nature of the CPC palette

Courtesy of MacDeath.

The Amstrad's "grey" (Real name = "White"... or dark white in opposition to bright white) is used as background. It is not shown on the cubes because it is supposed to be "inside" the cubes.

• How to extend the cube

With a certain limit and providing the use of fine regular dithering, the RGB cube of the Amstrad CPC can be stretched into bigger RGB cubes.

Such cubes are also a guide to get the smooth gradiants from one CPC colours into another.

This is the CPC palette stretched into a R2G2B2 cube (bits, not values) with help from dithering, hence giving 4x4x4= 64 colours. Basically the MS-DOS era IBM PC EGA as availlable on Amstrad PC1640

This is the CPC palette stretched into a R5G5B5 cube (values, not bits) with help from dithering, hence giving 5x5x5 = 125 colours.

Notice how some colours can be obtained with up to 4 different combinaisons, yet with the same result. But when considering on screen pixels reactions, notably during flickering technics, some combinaison may be better than others in order to reduce the flash effect of the flickerings.

Bigger RGB cubes would need the use of unpractical ditherings (other than 50%) and perhaps mix of more than 2 colours. This would simply not work properly.

This kind of picture can be obtained on a real CPC (through mode0 and Rasters) in order to test the monitors, and also to understand at first sight how the Colours logic works.

12-bit RGB of the PLUS

Used by the Amstrad Plus series.

It's like the good old Amiga 500 palette.

Systems with a 12-bit RGB palette use 4 bits (16 values) for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a 16³ = 4096 colours palette. From the 8 bit era, only the latter MSX specs had a greater palette (in number).

Only the later MSX specs series (2+ and 3...) did had more coloured palette... Yet at the time, the 4096 colours palette was even 16 bits standard, as good old Amiga and Atari STE (improoved version of Atari ST/STF...) did had 4096 colours palettes "only"...

This places the Amstrad plus range at second place in palette capability in 8 bit computers area... Bested only by MSX 2+ and 3 series, and alongside TO8 thomson's computers...

Maybe the NEC PC Engine console was also better...as it had a 16 bit video co-processor...

Needless to Say, the Amstrad PLUS has no problem to display proper colours when dealing with adaptations-ports from C64 or Atari ST but the resolution need some work (mode0 means wide pixels).

Mode 0 graphics

Mode 0 graphics are blockier thanks to the "2x1" ratio.

Courtesy of Wikipedia.

Yet the high amount of colours allows the use of Anti-Aliasing technics to soften the shapes.

It is the mode that made CPC a Colour Personal computer.

Dithering is sometimes used in this mode, yet the high number of colours allows better colour layers.

Dithering more offers a good "texture" or feel effect than real "new colours".

Few games on CPC werein fact C64 ports (graphically, indeed) as the C64 did had such video mode as the Amstrad's Mode 0... But Hardware Sprites capabalities were even more used... Also because the C64 did had less coloured palette,n and a lot of grey... the graphical results were quite different.

Notable games editor who used well the Mode 0 capabilities was the Spanish Dinamic corporation... They often used latinos Comics stars illustrations as intro pictures.

Yet the games area was often smaller than average...

Mode 1 graphics

The pixels are square, but the only 4 colours are a bit... few.

Courtesy of Wikipedia.

Yet a massive amount of horizontal "split rasters" allows you to multiply the number of colours displayed on the screen.

It's like using the colour attribute specification (as on ZX Spectrum) but with horizontal limitations.

Basically an "upgraded" CGA standard PC video display.

Pictures and graphical materials have to make good use of dithering in order to get a realistic look, yet the square pixels allow smooth dithering, and the absence of colour attribute system permit really interesting stuff compared to the humble speccy.

Mode 2 graphics

The pixels are 1x2, extremely slim.

Yet it's almost like an Hercule PC display.

Courtesy of Wikipedia.

This mode is difficult to use in a coloured way.

Better used as a Text Mode, yet it can be included in a split screen (games).

You have to dither a lot to get a good picture as there are no real colours shades.

Thanks to Mode 2 full screen capability (the so called "overscan")..., the Amstrad 8 bit computer was perhaps the one able to display the higher resolution in the 8 bit range...

(just have to see what Thomson's computer could do in full screen...and scanlines modes too on other systems...)

Border

The border allows 1 additional colour to be displayed on the screen with no tricks, as it has its own ink..

This means that having a borderless picture/screen ("overscan full screen"... sort of) actually removes one possible displayed colour/ink.

Amstrad Plus

The Amstrad Plus display the same modes, but 15 more colours can naturally be displayed thanks to the Hardwired Sprites.

This means 32 colours per screen with no tricks (including Border).

Also it is worth noting that the resolution of these Sprites (16x16 pixels) can be displayed through "magnification".

The basic x1/x1 pixel is like a Mode2 Pixel (a x=1 and y=2 ratio...or X= 0.5 and Y=1).

This can be multiplied by x2 or x4 in both dimensions (X and Y).

A mode 1 like pixel must then be a x2/x1 pixel. A mode 0 like pixel x4/x1.

• More infos here : Programming:Amstrad CPC plus sprite format

Software Video modes

Some odd and obscure "software video modes" can be achieved through the use of various tricks.

such modes are :

• Mode 5 which makes heavy use of Rasters and Split Rasters in order to enable far more colours in the normal Mode1.

• Mode R which make use of the the interlace effect in order to gain. It was used in the Batman Forever demo

• Flickering Screens Mode : which alternates 2 screen at 25hz each so they seem to blend together on the CRTC, this can mix different palettes (and colour swaps) or different modes to achieve colours unavailable on the normal Palette or some higher actual resolution by mixing Mode0 with Mode1 or Mode2. (also known in French as Flashouilles, or Epyleptic mode)

See also

• CRTC
• Gate Array
• ASIC
• Creating images for the Amstrad

• Mode R

External Links

Wikipedia's page on the different 8 Bit systems Hardware Palettes and Modes including amstrad CPC of course...

Wikipedia's page on RGB palette including Amstrad CPC specific one

Les Sucres en Morceaux the French site from supersly, shows many examples and techniques to use the different Video mode of the amstrad CPC.